Net Zero Impact and Plastic Bans on Restoration

16th February, 2024

How do current climate policy initiatives address the effects of climate change on developing economies, particularly concerning food security and migration?

First Layer

In evaluating the effectiveness of global climate policies, it is essential to delve into the multifaceted impacts that initiatives such as Net Zero commitments and plastic bans have on developing economies, particularly in their role in environmental restoration, food security, and migration dynamics. To this end, a meticulous and rigorous assessment of the direct and indirect implications of these policies is imperative.

Effect of Net Zero Commitments on Food Security and Migration

Net Zero policies are geared toward restructuring the economies of participating nations from high carbon footprints toward renewable and sustainable energy sources. In developing economies, effective integration of Net Zero strategies can aid in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change, crucial for agricultural productivity and thus, food security. However, the actual outcomes of these policies hinge on their collaboration with local agricultural practices, economic adaptability, and infrastructural readiness to handle the transition.

For instance, the shift toward renewable sources like solar and wind energy can reduce the dependency on erratic rainfall and fossil-fuel-powered irrigation, enabling consistent water supply for agriculture. Sub-Saharan African countries that grapple with drought and water scarcity could reap the benefits of such sustainable energy infrastructures, potentially stabilizing food production and reducing the impetus for migration due to agricultural failures. Accurate data on projected improvements in water resource management and agricultural yields in these nations are pivotal in understanding the scope of Net Zero impact on food security.

Technical Detail and Economic Viability

To discern the effect of Net Zero commitments on developing economies, rigorous analysis must encompass the downstream economic implications of transitioning to low-carbon industries. The gradual obsolescence of fossil-fuel-based energy sources can lead to significant economic transitions that should not be underestimated. Specifically, labor markets may face upheavals as the workforce needs to adapt to new skills required in emerging green industries. Quantitatively, the focus on renewable energies could see a market osmosis from 1 to 2.3 million jobs globally by 2030, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), with broader ripple effects such as migration patterns stemming from job reallocations.

Impact of Plastic Bans on Environmental Restoration

Plastic bans, while a direct approach to mitigating pollution and promoting environmental stewardship, must be scrutinized for their implementation discrepancies across different regions. Ambitions to reduce plastic usage could drive innovation in waste management and recycling technologies, especially in urban centers which often serve as epicenters for plastic consumption. For example, stringent plastic waste regulations in Kenya have led to enterprises developing alternative packaging solutions and incentivized recycling, resulting in a significant reduction in urban waste streams and the proliferation of green jobs.

To fully appreciate the implications on food security, it is paramount to acknowledge how the reduction of plastic waste can translate to improved soil and water quality, ultimately bolstering agricultural productivity and mitigating potential drivers for migration due to environmental degradation.

Actionable Strategies and Recommendation

The adoption of climate policies should not occur in isolation but be part of a broader portfolio of strategies aiming to enhance sustainability in congruence with local economic and social contexts. Developing economies require supportive international frameworks that balance their growth aspirations with environmental imperatives. For instance, the provision of green bonds and climate finance could aid in deploying renewable energy infrastructure, effectively contributing to achieving their Net Zero goals, which in turn stabilizes food security and deters forced migration due to changing climates.

Furthermore, in recognizing the varying degree of sophistication in waste management infrastructures, transferring knowledge and resources to establish more efficient, locally adapted plastic recycling systems could enhance environmental restoration efforts. It is also critical to support policies with comprehensive education and awareness campaigns targeting behavioral changes in both urban consumers and rural populations whose livelihoods are intertwined with natural resource management.

Future Projections and Cascading Impacts

Future projections should be rendered with interlinking scenarios of policy enforcement levels and climate change rates, explicitly determining potential cascading impacts and unveiling the triggers and contingencies for various outcomes. A strategic and sequential approach delineating immediate, mid-term, and long-term policy actions, encompassing investment in renewable energies, systemic waste reduction, and infrastructure resilience against climate-induced natural disasters, is fundamental.

Conclusion

It is clear that Net Zero commitments and plastic bans, as components of global climate policies, have palpable influence on environmental restoration projects as well as on the critical factors of food security and migration patterns in developing economies. Yet, these initiatives must be tactically woven into the social, economic, and cultural fabric of these nations, supported by empirical evidence, technical detailing, strategic planning, and an understanding of the logical progression from policy to tangible outcomes.

For global climate policies to be truly effective, they should not merely exist as abstract declarations but as actionable, facilitated transformations that directly serve the socio-economic and environmental interests of developing economies, leading to measurable advancements in sustainability and quality of life for these populations.

Second Layer

Accuracy of Negative Consequences and Transition Strategies

While Net Zero commitments herald potential progress towards sustainable development and climate stability, the abrupt phasing out of fossil fuels poses tangible risks to those developing economies reliant on the export of traditional energy resources. For instance, the sudden dissolution of coal industries without preparatory transition plans could propel massive unemployment and economic destabilization. Nations like South Africa, which derives a significant portion of its GDP from coal, could face a socioeconomic crisis without a careful transition strategy that includes economic diversification, reskilling programs, and, critically, international financial and technical support meant to cultivate new industries

Empirical Evidence of Plastic Bans Impact

The impact of plastic bans extends beyond urban waste reduction, also permeating agricultural lands and waterways, which directly influence food production and livelihoods. Empirical data from the Alliance to End Plastic Waste indicates that a reduction in mismanaged plastic waste could reduce marine debris volume by 45% by 2030. However, the correlation to job creation is nuanced and complex. The initial disruption to plastic-dependent sectors could precede the end of an industry unless rehabilitative measures and alternative skill development are put in place.

Technical Detail on Scalability and Investment

Delving deeper into the case of Kenya, the scalability of emerging waste management solutions into other developing economies must be critically evaluated. While governmental regulations kick-started industry innovation, substantial investments and technology transfer mechanisms are requisite to adapting these solutions to local contexts. For example, establishing regional centers of excellence could address local challenges while fostering a collaborative approach to innovation, such as the Africa Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Cooling and Cold Chain (ACES), which aims to reduce food loss through climate-friendly cooling technology.

Skills Transition and Educational Reforms

In addressing the shift in labor markets, specific initiatives such as the establishment of vocational training centers in energy and environmental sciences, paired with policy incentives for green jobs, are vital. Educational reforms should underpin curriculum development that prepares future generations for the emerging demands of a green economy, ensuring a smooth transition by aligning education with market needs.

Logical Coherence and Counterarguments

A balanced analysis requires contemplation of the diverse realities that developing economies face in policy execution. Political uncertainty, resource constraints, and potential trade-offs between short-term survival needs and long-term sustainability goals shape policy coherence. The concern that waste management innovations might inflate consumer costs is legitimate, particularly in economies with significant income disparities. Subsidies or phased approaches to market pricing could mitigate these impacts, ensuring that new policies do not disproportionately burden economically vulnerable populations.

Geopolitical Complexities and Policy Adoption

Recognizing geopolitical intricacies, one must scrutinize how power asymmetries in international negotiations may hinder the autonomy of developing countries in shaping climate policies that suit their specific contexts. The dominance of developed nations in setting the agenda can lead to a one-size-fits-all model that overlooks local intricacies.

Bias Towards Policy Benefits

To address inadvertent bias, it is essential to critically review scenarios where Net Zero policies and plastic bans might be less effective or even counterproductive. Zambia’s attempts at diversifying its energy mix have faced infrastructure bottlenecks and financial challenges, underscoring the need for an analysis imbued with realism about the obstacles faced in policy enactment.

Usage of Evidence and Methodological Constraints

It is crucial to probe the limitations of forecasts on renewable energy job markets. The IRENA's methods must be validated against historical accuracy, particularly accounting for potential biases stemming from advocacy for renewable energy. Empirical data, such as sector-specific growth rates, should be juxtaposed against job creation estimates to provide a comprehensive evidence base for labor market projections.

Concluding Impacts and Enforcement Mechanisms

A prescriptive set of recommendations should encapsulate phased implementation schedules tied to the economic capacity and socio-political landscape of each nation. These schedules should be paired with transparent benchmarks and international oversight to measure adherence to commitments while also providing room for recalibration based on interim assessments.

Second Layer: Radical Perspective and Unconventional Partnerships

A radical shift in perspective could involve exploring models for decentralized energy production, such as microgrids, which enable community-level management of resources, potentially enhancing energy security and spurring local socioeconomic growth. Moreover, promoting unconventional partnerships, such as cross-border clean technology incubators, could defuse geopolitical tensions by shifting the focus to shared goals in environmental restoration and economic development.

Divergent Thinking on Knock-on Effects

Contemplating the extended ramifications of climate policies requires examining secondary effects like green gentrification which may displace low-income communities or ignite conflicts over dwindling resources. The implementation of such policies needs integrated social planning to ensure equitable outcomes and propensity for collaborative resource governance.

Refining the Actor’s analysis with these adjustments distils a more comprehensive and grounded projection, adept at informing effective action in the realm of global climate policy and its impacts on developing economies.

NA Preparation

Material Facts

International Environmental Agreements and Impact on Developing Economies

• The UN treaty on plastic pollution targets the global production and supply of primary plastic polymers, potentially influencing the economic activities tied to the plastics industry of developing countries, which might see changes in both supply chains and workforce needs directly related to this international regulation (Statements derived from call notes).

• The commitment to Net Zero under the Paris Agreement requires developing economies to integrate environmental goals into their growth strategies, potentially leading to overhauls in energy infrastructure and investment in renewable energy sources (Paris Agreement, Net Zero commitments).

Scientific Data and Policy Implications

• The International Energy Agency's report on the 50% increase in renewable energy capacity highlights the expansion of sustainable energy resources, with implications for how developing economies invest in their energy sectors – a pivot away from fossil fuels and towards renewables is suggested to enhance climate resilience (IEA report, 2023).

• Nature-based solutions for climate mitigation are recognized for their potential impact on national policies, especially in developing economies where biodiversity conservation and scientific advancements in environmental knowledge can enhance ecological stability and food security (Global Commission on Adaptation report, 2023).

Sustainability and Economic Adaptation

• Corporate adoption of internal carbon pricing reflects market shifts towards sustainability, signaling that developing countries' industrial sectors must adapt by integrating environmental costs to remain competitive and sustainable in a shifting global marketplace (Global industry reports on carbon pricing adoption, 2023).

Marine Resources and Food Security

• The BBNJ treaty's conservation and sustainable use mandates for marine biodiversity hold importance for developing coastal and island economies, whose livelihood and food security are closely tied to marine resource management (BBNJ treaty adoption, 2023).

• Overexploitation of marine ecosystems, as seen in the South China Sea, impacts fish stocks crucial to the food security and economic stability of communities, particularly in Southeast Asia (Studies on South China Sea fisheries decline, 2023).

Risk Management and Climate Adaptation

• Updated data on sea level rise necessitates infrastructure planning for developing countries threatened by climate change, with a focus on creating resilient living and farming spaces in areas at high risk of flooding (Centre for Climate Research Singapore report, 2023).

Innovative Legal Mechanisms for Environmental Governance

• The adoption of a majority voting mechanism in international treaties, as discussed in the context of the BBNJ treaty, suggests an evolving approach to environmental governance, potentially enabling more effective and timely actions that could benefit developing countries (Statements derived from call notes).

Recycling and Waste Management

• Hong Kong and Singapore demonstrate advanced waste management strategies, providing examples of reducing plastic usage and effectively increasing recycling rates, models that could inform waste management policy development in other cities of developing economies (Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050, Singapore’s sustainability initiatives).

These Material Facts collectively underscore the direct connections between international policies and agreements on global climate change and the localized strategies necessary for developing economies to respond effectively. They highlight how international legal frameworks, economic policies, scientific insights, and proactive corporate behavior all contribute to the broader tapestry of strategies that countries must navigate to address the interlinked challenges of environmental restoration and resilience against climate change impacts.

Force Catalysts

In the intricate web of global climate policy effectiveness, a meticulously detailed deconstruction of the fundamental Force Catalysts—Leadership, Resolve, Initiative, and Entrepreneurship—is paramount. These catalysts orchestrate the symphony of policies and actions shaping the environmental and socio-economic terrains of developing economies, where the urgency of food security and the complexities of climate-induced migration command increasing attention. Delving into the nuances of force catalysts engenders a profound comprehension of their tangible implementations within the context of environmental restoration measures.

Leadership

Leadership in the realm of climate policy coalesces the multidimensional aspects of governance; a kaleidoscopic intersection of political resolve, strategic innovation, and the projection of an ethical climate stewardship narrative. In the developing economies spectrum, such leadership is enmeshed with cultural imperatives, historical precedent, and a grassroots communion with the environment. For example, in the Philippines, a nation perennially besieged by typhoons, leadership manifests through advocacy for robust international climate financing instruments tailored for disaster resilience and renewable energy transitions. An emblematic instance is the integrative approach that weaves traditional agrarian wisdom with novel resilience-building measures to curtail the impetus for migration while ensuring food sovereignty.

Leadership dynamics are conspicuously diverse within developing countries, where they are not monolithic but inherently pluralistic. The harmonization of national climate agendas with international negotiations hinges on a leadership that is responsive to both ground realities and engages in transnational dialogue, such as through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) within the Paris Agreement framework.

Resolve

The resolve of a nation-state is the crucible within which the steel of climate policies is forged and tested. For developing economies, the resolve is the indefatigable pursuit of harmonizing economic growth with climatic adaptation imperatives. This is exemplified by their steadfast commitment to international environmental treaties, such as the recently ratified UN High Seas Treaty, which, despite the delay in ratification, now allows countries like Vietnam, which have extensive coastlines and rely on marine biodiversity, to advocate for responsible ocean governance.

Resolve also manifests through the prioritization of climate agendas within national development plans, such as seen in Vietnam's commitment to reduce greenhouse emissions by 8% by 2030. Such resolve is battled-tested when these nations confront the ambivalent benevolence of global climate finance, grappling to secure the requisite financial transfers and technological support promised within frameworks like the Green Climate Fund.

Initiative

Initiative, as a Force Catalyst, is particularly dynamic when applied to climate action strategies. For developing economies, it is identified in the proactive implementation of adaptive measures. Such measures are multifarious, ranging from climate-resilient crop cultivation in the agrarian sectors to proactive urban planning anticipating climatic upheavals. An illustration of commendable initiative is seen in the context of Thailand's comprehensive sustainability strategy focusing on responsibly sourced seafood, which, by anticipating market trends and environmental constraints, not only secures food chains but also delineates pathways for sectoral decarbonization within Thai Union's operations.

Countries displaying initiative undertake assessments of climate impacts across multiple sectors, integrating mitigation strategies into economic and social policies. They exhibit the capability to anticipate risks and opportunities, such as leveraging regional climate modeling data or adopting emergent, sustainable technological practices.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the vibrant thread in the tapestry of climate policies, showcasing the capacity for innovative, risk-embracing, and adaptable approaches to combat climate adversities while simultaneously seeding economic transformation. Developing economies are fertile grounds for entrepreneurial climate intervention, as highlighted by the likes of Indonesia's strategic transitions in the nickel market, aiming for robust electric vehicle battery production despite environmental quandaries, and Philippines' reforestation initiatives, balancing land users’ rights with the goals of generating nature-based carbon credits.

The entrepreneurial impulse drives the conception and dissemination of transformative ideas, such as sustainable resource utilization partnerships—characterized by MSIG Asia's collaboration with CIAP and its clients—and the amplification of renewable energy deployment, which has been marked by India's G20 agenda to echo the concerns of the developing world with respect to food and energy security.

A net effect of entrepreneurial endeavors is an evolving economic structure that prioritizes sustainability and resilience, driving environmental restoration while adapting to the changing climate policy landscape.

Analysis of these Force Catalysts underscores the nuanced approach developing economies must adopt in their quest to navigate the quagmire of global climate change. Amid a consensus-building process that encapsulates the tenets of leadership, the fortitude of resolve, the proactivity of initiative, and the inventiveness of entrepreneurship, a comprehensive, cohesive, and iterative engagement with these elements will fashion a navigational chart toward meaningful environmental restitution and bolster strategic readiness for the kaleidoscope of climate-induced challenges on the horizon. The potency and impact of these Force Catalysts in shaping the future will hinge on their alignment with evolving geopolitical contexts and climatic imperatives, ultimately central in charting a path towards a harmonious and sustainable engagement with our planet's future.

Constraints and Frictions

In analyzing the constraints and frictions with respect to Global Climate Policy Effectiveness, it is necessary to systematically dissect the myriad layers of challenges that may impede the successful realization of initiatives aimed at environmental restoration, and their influence on developing economies' resilience to climate change, including food security and migration.

Epistemic Constraints

Addressing epistemic constraints requires not only acknowledging data paucity but dissecting the intricacies wherein specific data types—meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural—are unevenly impacted, subjecting varying regions and economic sectors to distinct vulnerabilities. Developing economies often suffer from inadequate meteorological infrastructure, resulting in less reliable weather forecasting that is crucial for agricultural planning and disaster preparedness.

For instance, Sub-Saharan Africa presents a glaring example where hydrological information scarcity stymies effective water management, affecting both human consumption and irrigation systems vital for agriculture. The precision in identifying these deficits is crucial when considering how policy initiatives should be structured, as agrarian economies heavily dependent on rainfall, like those in Eastern Africa, are exceptionally vulnerable to hydrological data shortcomings.

Human Friction

Clarifying human friction involves pinpointing exact instances where economic motivations conflict with long-term sustainability. The agricultural sector frequently exemplifies this friction, wherein immediate economic gains from practices such as monoculture farming or deforestation for arable land contravene environmental sustainability, thus undermining resilience to climate change. Policies must address these friction points with pragmatic solutions, such as incentivizing crop diversification and sustainable land management practices that serve both economic and environmental preservation objectives.

Policy Implications

The direct policy implications of constraints and frictions emerge particularly in the overarchingly critical issue of financing. The Paris Agreement underscores a significant funding gap, which is not merely numerical but is palpably felt in developing economies lacking investment in green infrastructure. Beyond indicating the sum, the nuanced distribution of these funds should follow granular assessments of need, prioritizing areas such as sustainable agriculture in regions most susceptible to food insecurity due to climate impacts.

Political and Economic Frictions

Political and economic frictions manifest in the obstructed implementation of climate policies during times of governance transition or shifting economic orientations. For example, a recent government change in Brazil brought shifts in policy toward deforestation and agriculture in the Amazon, with concomitant effects on food security and migration patterns.

Analytical Depth

Investigating the manifestation of constraints in policy development delves deeper into systemic weaknesses. The inaccuracy in food security predictions can often be tied back to insufficient local-level agricultural data and lack of alignment between short-term economic policies and sustainable practices. Methods to enhance data collection and promote local governance's role in compiling reliable statistics can be integral in addressing this lacuna.

Mitigation of Epistemic Constraints

The mitigation of epistemic constraints could involve investing in local-to-regional climate observatories, which would serve as hubs for data collection and dissemination tailored to the specific climatic challenges of different regions. Fostering partnerships between local institutions and international climate bodies may optimize the flow of climate knowledge and its application to policy.

Evidence and Example Integration

Case studies from countries such as Bangladesh could illustrate the successes and failures of current international aid programs in delivering effective climate policies. Bangladesh has made strides in cyclone preparedness but remains challenged by issues of urban migration due to sea-level rise. A comparative approach with other delta regions could highlight best practices and pitfalls.

Temporal Dynamics

A retrospective appraisal of past climate policies, like the Green Revolution's impact on land use and rural demographics, can elucidate why some approaches succeeded or faltered. Emerging scenarios showcase potential shifts due to advancements in green technology, such as the promising role of sustainable aquaculture in providing food security while reducing migration pressures from rural areas affected by climate change.

Probabilistic and Scenario-based Approaches

Employing a probabilistic lens would necessitate the examination of climate policies through varying degrees of global warming scenarios and their potential impact on critical economic sectors in developing economies. For instance, positing the effects of a 1-degree Celsius temperature increase versus a 2-degree scenario on crop yields could paint contrasting pictures of food stability and migration trends.

Iteration and Feedback

Continuous refinement of the net assessment should incorporate an iterative protocol, systematically integrating real-time climate data, socio-economic changes, and evolving international agreements such as the BBNJ treaty. Constructing feedback loops within climate policy execution could be exemplified by Uruguay's iterative approach to sustainable beef production, aligning economic success with international environmental standards.

In summary, a detailed and dynamic analysis of constraints and frictions, underpinned by robust data and case studies, is vital for sculpting climate policies that resonate with the intricate socio-economic fabric of developing economies, guiding them towards sustainable restoration and resilience against the vagaries of climate change.

Alliances and Laws

To assess the impact of net zero and plastic bans on environmental restoration, particularly in the context of developing economies, we must analyze various aspects of global climate policy initiatives. Alliances and laws play a fundamental role in this context, setting the frameworks under which nations operate, share resources, and commit to common goals. A comprehensive analysis encompasses an understanding of the formal alliances (like the G7, G20, and regional groups) and international laws and agreements that outline standards and commitments (like the Paris Agreement and plastic pollution treaties).

Concerning food security, multiple international alliances such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) coordinate to assist countries to develop policies and practices that promote agricultural sustainability and resilience to climate impacts. The Paris Agreement's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) provide a mechanism for countries to outline their plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate impacts, including provisions for food security.

Migration related to climate change is addressed primarily through the Task Force on Displacement under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, established at COP19 and operationalized by the Paris Agreement. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, although not legally binding, includes provisions for addressing climate-induced displacement.

The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is crucial in advancing the interests of countries disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate change, emphasizing the urgency of robust action to combat food insecurity and prevent mass displacement due to rising sea levels and natural disasters.

Net zero commitments are intrinsic to laws and agreements aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Notably, the Paris Agreement commits signatories to holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius, thereby mitigating adverse impacts on agriculture and preventing displacement due to unmanageable climate conditions.

Plastic bans and the push for a circular economy are encapsulated in treaties and national laws, targeting the reduction of pollution and fostering sustainability. The recently signed international plastics treaty aims to control both the supply and demand of plastic polymers, which will have significant implications for production processes and international trade. This relates to environmental restoration by reducing the input of plastics into natural systems, which is crucial for maintaining ecosystem health, upon which food security and habitation stability depend.

From the provided call notes, considerations in global decision-making processes about the production and supply of polymers (point 3), along with a new decision-making method within the conservation treaty that allows for majority voting under specific conditions (point 5), signal shifts in international governance that could speed up the implementation of net zero and plastic-reduction targets, particularly as they move from consensus to a potential 3/4 majority for decisions when consensus fails.

The impact of these initiatives on developing economies includes the support for transitioning to sustainable agricultural practices and the building of climate resilience to safeguard food security. Furthermore, migration, often precipitated by climate-induced resource scarcity and extreme weather events, is being addressed through collaborative arrangements that seek both preventive measures and responsive strategies to displacement.

In conclusion, current global climate policies, through alliances' cooperative action and the enactment of laws, primarily aim to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to sustainable practices, and enhancing adaptability. This approach recognizes and attempts to address the specific vulnerabilities of developing economies regarding food security and migration caused by climate impacts.

Information

- Residents of New Delhi express pride in India's increasing involvement in global affairs.

- India prioritizes giving a voice to developing world concerns in its G20 agenda, highlighting issues like food and energy security.

- India could serve as a link between developing and middle-income countries during economic crises.

- At the SCO, India's agenda focuses on counter-terrorism discussions, despite potential discomfort with Pakistan.

- India aims to strengthen ties with Russia and Central Asian nations through the SCO.

- India's international role could support its bid for a permanent UNSC seat, which it rotated out of last year.

- India's challenge at the G20 and SCO involves maintaining its own agenda amidst the Ukraine conflict.

- The SFC mandates asset managers managing HK$8 billion to disclose greenhouse gas emissions of investees but not banks.

- Calls are made for banks in Hong Kong to disclose climate risks of projects they finance.

- The SFC expects public companies to disclose emissions following Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures by 2025.

- Criticisms of the COP26 outcomes include disappointingly low emission pledge commitments, falling short of the 1.5 degrees Celsius goal.

- The Philippines and other vulnerable countries face immediate climate crisis impacts, urging stronger action than COP26's "phase-down" of coal.

- Hong Kong's Low Carbon Living Calculator's efficacy and engagement are questioned relative to the city's 2050 carbon neutrality goal.

- COP27 faces crucial climate discussions amidst recent weather disasters and the need for increased action to avoid exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius warming.

- Indonesian company Sino Land commits to net zero by 2050, using TCFD standards to report climate action and pursue ambitious sustainability goals.

- Sino Group receives international recognition for sustainability efforts and engages stakeholders in environmental stewardship.

- Indonesia, with the world's largest nickel reserve, vows to continue producing electric vehicle batteries and expanding its downstreaming policy despite environmental concerns.

- Thai Union, a seafood supplier in Thailand, developed SeaChange, a sustainability strategy focusing on safe and legal labor, responsible sourcing and operations, and community care.

- MSIG partners with CIAP and clients to work towards sustainable resource use and ecosystem health alongside business and societal prosperity.

- MSIG Asia promotes eco-certified offices as part of its sustainability drive, advocating for more companies to join the sustainability movement.

- Reforestation opportunities and risks are studied for their impact on land users' rights and livelihoods as part of workable climate policies.

- A carbon prospecting map indicating high carbon storage areas in biomass and soil was completed, aiding the growing demand for nature-based carbon credits.

- The Trillion Tree Campaign, launched at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2020, aims to plant one trillion trees by 2030, with Singapore pledging to plant a million.

- Nature-based solutions could provide up to one-third of required mitigation for the Paris Climate Agreement's 2-degree Celsius target.

- Singapore is investing in understanding climate change's less visible impacts on regional food and water security and economic and political stability.

- Science informs decision-makers on prioritizing climate solutions considering environmental, socio-economic, cultural, and geopolitical factors.

- UK will ban single-use plastic cutlery and plates from October to reduce plastic pollution.

- Hong Kong bans disposable plastic from Earth Day 2022, with further restrictions coming in 2025.

- EU-China relations face potential economic fallout if China blocks European exports, reflecting China's history of employing trade measures in policy disputes.

- The European Parliament vote to stall Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) ratification stems from human rights concerns and reciprocal sanctions.

- Most EU countries have bilateral investment treaties with China that continue to protect investments despite the CAI freeze.

- While CAI provides some additional benefits, its overall impact is considered limited and the current impasse might be a temporary setback.

- Political implications of suspending the CAI are significant, potentially affecting China-EU cooperation on various fronts, including climate action and technology.

- Restoring China-EU relations may require halting retaliatory measures and focusing on multilateralism, climate change, cultural exchanges, and non-governmental diplomacy.- Singapore's recycling contamination rate has been at 40% since 2018.

- The country uses a single-stream recyclables collection system with a blue bin for all recyclables, sorted centrally.

- Single-stream recycling is adopted as it is more convenient and believed to improve the recycling rate.

- Stickers on the blue bins provide instructions on acceptable items, but residents still dispose of contaminants like food and liquids.

- Contaminated recyclables cannot be processed and are treated as general waste, undermining proper recycling efforts.

- Products made of mixed materials also contribute to contamination.

- Recyclopedia.sg's founder, Ms. Robin Rheaume, stated that industrially sourced plastics are easier to recycle due to their homogeneity and quantity, compared to household plastics which are harder to sort and more susceptible to contamination.

- High-density polyethylene (HDPE), used for bottles, can be contaminated by polypropylene, reducing its purity for recycling.

- Mixed waste deters recycling companies from accepting recycling waste.

- Singapore's material recovery facilities may lack the technology to sort and achieve the purity levels needed by importers.

- Residents like Madam Jane Tan from Ang Mo Kio and Ms. Eunice Fong from Mountbatten witness the fallout of contaminated recycling processes, suggesting a lack of awareness and possible improvement by providing separate bins for different materials.

- A UN High Seas Treaty was adopted in June to protect ocean biodiversity, with more than 83 signatories, but ratification is still pending.

- Countries like the UK support a moratorium on deep-sea mining until more evidence about its environmental impact is available.

- Financial tools like "blue bonds" are being developed to support ocean protection, with standards excluding non-renewable extractive industries.

- The US supported Gabon with insurance for ocean territory conservation in exchange for sustainable marine management commitments.

- The societal consequences of ocean governance are emphasized, particularly for communities in small island nations and coastal areas impacted by global warming.

- The US stands ready to support smaller nations in South China Sea disputes under UNCLOS, despite not being a signatory, prompting criticism from China.

- Singapore's NEA plans to have a new recycling facility by 2027 that could handle 240,000 tonnes of domestic waste annually.

- Experts caution that due to high land and labor costs, Singapore's recycling capacity expansion may be limited.

- COVID-19 has increased waste production due to a rise in single-use plastics and sophisticated packaging, complicating recycling efforts.

- Recycling facilities faced operational changes during the pandemic, possibly contributing to lower domestic recycling rates.

- Singapore's Dr. Balakrishnan highlighted the ocean-climate nexus at a conference and urged that ocean conservation should be data-driven and adhere to international law, particularly UNCLOS.

- Singapore, a maritime city-state, emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation and is actively involved in the BBNJ Intergovernmental Conference for ocean biodiversity conservation.- Positive efforts are underway globally to address plastic waste and prevent it from entering landfills, the ocean, and our food chains, with education and public-private partnerships being key.

- Businesses face the need to balance profitability with societal and environmental purpose due to growing emphasis on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors as drivers of sustainable growth.

- In 2022, many companies are struggling and may operate in survival mode due to the impacts of the pandemic, stagflation, supply chain disruptions, geopolitical risks, volatile exchange rates, and trade imbalances, with the Ukraine crisis exacerbating world trade and security concerns.

- A global, multi-level policy effort is necessary to tackle plastic waste pollution, encourage recycling and innovation, and to strengthen cooperation among stakeholders.

- The transition towards net-zero emissions can be supported by green finance initiatives, and businesses are encouraged to adopt a comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" responsibility model.

- A call for a reset for a climate-friendly, life-and people-centric world order has been put forth, with international support for climate action and readiness for treaty negotiations emphasized by UN member states.

- The G20 has agreed to create an international framework for voluntary action to reduce ocean plastic pollution.

- The UK plans to ban single-use plastic cutlery and plates in England to address plastic pollution, with similar measures already implemented in Scotland and Wales.

- England consumes 2.7 billion items of single-use cutlery and 721 million single-use plates annually, with only 10% being recycled.

- There is debate over the classification and disposal processes for used rapid antigen test (RAT) kits, calling for clarity from the Environmental Protection Department.

- Seniors express confusion and frustration over mixed messages regarding Covid-19 news updates.

- The United Nations has reached a consensus on developing a legally binding global treaty to combat plastic pollution, touted as the most significant environmental deal since the Paris climate accord.

- Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan 2050 aims to promote waste reduction and recycling and plans to implement waste charging in 2023 and regulate disposal of plastic tableware from 2025.

- A legally binding international policy on plastic reduction is being sought by legislators, supported by the UN Environment Program's blueprint to reduce plastic waste by 80% by 2040.

- France has implemented bans on several single-use plastic items since 2016 to address plastic pollution.

- The International Energy Agency reports a 50% increase in renewable energy capacity, driven largely by China, suggesting the possibility of reaching the goal to triple global capacity by 2030.

- Though progress is being made in renewable energy deployment, more is needed from emerging and developing countries to achieve the 1.5°C target set by the Paris Agreement.

- The IEA indicates that under current conditions, renewable capacity could reach 7,300GW by 2028, demonstrating a need for more financial support for clean energy projects in developing countries.

- Hong Kong's Chief Executive Carrie Lam commits to carbon neutrality before 2050, aiming to establish the city as a global green financial hub and calling for increased political will to integrate climate policies across government departments.

- Concerns are raised regarding the potential environmental impact of a proposed railway line between Hung Shui Kiu, New Territories, and Qianhai, Shenzhen on the Mai Po wetlands.- The project requires an environmental permit under the Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance.

- A potential railway's alignment could pass beneath Deep Bay, Mai Po nature reserve, and Inner Deep Bay, designated as a Ramsar Site since September 1995, with high ecological value.

- The project's ecological impact could surpass that of the Hong Kong express rail link to Shenzhen and Guangzhou.

- In 2000, the Sheung Shui to Lok Ma Chau spur line was initially rejected due to potential adverse environmental effects on Long Valley, necessitating plan adjustments by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation.

- Public consultation is encouraged for the proposed railway connecting Hung Shui Kiu to Qianhai, especially from green groups during study briefs and assessments.

- Post-Hong Kong national security law enactment, concerns exist over prosecution for expressing government dissenting views, underscoring the need for government to heed public opinion.

- Mr. Luo Huining, Beijing's representative in Hong Kong, visited economically disadvantaged residents, signaling the potential advancement of housing reform in Hong Kong, 24 years post-handover.

- Luo's visit raises the question of whom Hong Kong's economic development should benefit and suggests the need for mandarins to initiate social reform.

- After US General Mark Milley's call with PLA General Li Zoucheng, there is consideration of the Western press's potential reaction if roles were reversed, highlighting perceived biases in global reporting.

- Sultan al-Jaber's visits to China highlight concerns about China's wavering commitment to climate change in face of deepened reliance on coal despite renewable energy strides.

- China, the largest global greenhouse gas emitter with about 30% total, aims for peak CO2 emissions by 2030 and net-zero by 2060 (Xi's "shuang tan" pledges).

- There has been a surge in coal-fired power plant permits since mid-2022, possibly increasing capacity by 33% from 2022 levels according to CREA.

- Climate policy challenges include energy security concerns, economic slowdown, strained US-China relations hindering bilateral climate negotiations, though some recent progress has been made.

- China's leadership role in global climate negotiations is critical especially regarding new global emissions stocktakes and funding for loss and damage.

- Yet, China had obstructed G20 climate talks in India, resisting discussions on reducing emissions by 2030 and peaking global emissions by 2025.

- Increasing installation of renewable energy is visible in China, but concerns remain about the future impact on emissions peak and costs associated with moving away from coal.

- The Cop28 UN climate summit agreed on a new climate fund with an initial contribution of US$100 million from the UAE, but China, despite being the largest emitter, will not contribute due to its status as a developing country under the UNFCCC.

- China's significant investment in renewable energy is overshadowed by its coal dependency, which still accounts for about 56% of energy consumption as of 2022.

- China's stance on climate aid is influenced by its classification as a developing country by the OECD and it adheres to UNFCCC principles, increasingly becoming a donor through the South-South Climate Cooperation Fund and other contributions.

- China also pledged US$230 million to a global fund for biodiversity conservation, calling for other countries to join.

- Discussions on whether China as a major economy and emitter should contribute to UN funds continue, acknowledging the need to revisit outdated categories while still addressing the pressing climate crisis.- Major projects in an unnamed city include an underground metro system, power plants, wastewater processing plants, data centers, and a new airport.

- Electricity demand is projected to triple from 2015 to 2030.

- Climate change could cause two-thirds of the city to flood if sea levels rise by 180cm by 2100.

- The city center might become an island, with major power stations, ports, and half of all roads damaged.

- The metro system could shut down, 60% of stations would be inaccessible, and real estate damage could reach US$18 billion.

- Essential services like water and electricity could be cut off for a month or more.

- The study's chief researcher, Mekala Krishnan, aims to quantify physical risk and socioeconomic impacts of climate change, not to alarm but to manage risk.

- Ho Chi Minh City is at an early stage of development, with many options to manage growth and climate impact.

- Melissa Merryweather notes the city's development covers drainable land with concrete, and observes a lack of long-term planning leading to reactionary expansion of sewers.

- Climate change exacerbates the city's flooding issues; rainfall intensity and sea levels are expected to rise.

- Vietnam's economy is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, and while it aims to reduce greenhouse emissions by 8% by 2030, this target is seen as insufficient.

- Lucas Loo's enterprises, Sead Build and Sead Plant, leverage bamboo’s carbon absorption to create sustainable construction materials and restore degraded lands.

- Based in Ipoh, Malaysia, Loo tapped into local bamboo forests and degraded lands for sustainable development.

- Sead Plant trained 52 Bamboo Harvesting Stewards, aiming to increase to 200 by Q2 2023; planting bamboo on degraded land to create resilient ecosystems.

- Sead Build has designed and built various bamboo structures and seeks to standardize bamboo as a building material.

- Sead is currently engaged in architectural projects and has initiatives to convert ex-mining land to bamboo forests.

- Sustainable practices to ensure food security in changing climates include land management, heat-tolerant crops, efficient irrigation, and technology transfer.

- Strategies include conserving water, reducing food waste, and fostering technology and knowledge exchange.

- Dr. Jeffrey Hung emphasizes the need for agricultural adaptation due to global temperature rise.

- Hong Kong aims to improve visitor experiences for mainland tourists and differentiate as a world city; this includes better city maintenance and storytelling.

- Road safety in Hong Kong is a concern, with high numbers of speeding offences and careless driving recorded in 2022.

- Pedestrians also share responsibility for road safety; initiatives to promote patience and understanding of safety are suggested.

- Supply disruptions and the COVID-19 pandemic raised fish production costs, challenging local farmers.

- The Russia-Ukraine conflict increased grain prices, impacting feed costs for aquaculture.

- Climate change causes higher ocean temperatures and declining oxygen levels, straining the industry.

- Singapore imports over 90% of its food, aiming to produce 30% locally by 2030, but only 9% of consumed fish was locally produced last year.

- Small farms adapt with technology, like water monitoring systems, to increase sustainability and reduce fish mortality.

- Collaboration is recommended for small farmers to form cooperatives to decrease costs and improve market positioning.- Countries argue existing climate categories are outdated and changes are necessary but difficult.

- Global efforts required to limit emissions and adapt to current climate changes.

- Dr. Grild M. Heggelund and Iselin Stensdal observed Cop28, focusing on Chinese climate governance.

- OPEC controls nearly 80% of world's proven oil reserves; one-third of global daily oil production.

- Small island states pushed for fossil fuel phaseout; supported by major oil producers and governments.

- Incremental climate deal criticized for lack of ambition but did not face formal objections.

- Deal aims for net zero by 2050, transitioning from fossil fuels equitably and justly.

- Commitment to tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030, reducing coal use, and accelerating carbon capture and storage tech.

- The deal offers flexibility for countries to follow their own pathways towards the 1.5°C target.

- Carbon capture technologies pushed by oil-producing countries but criticized for being expensive and experimental.

- Al Gore acknowledged petrostate influence in the final agreement.

- National policies and investments are critical for nations to meet their climate commitments.

- China calls for industrialized countries to lead climate action due to historical responsibilities.

- USA's Inflation Reduction Act seen as a major step with significant clean energy subsidies.

- Despite growth in renewables and electric vehicles, fossil fuels still represent 80% of global energy needs.

- Climate deal lacks commitments on financial aid for low- and middle-income countries to transition from fossil fuels.

- Singapore commits to domestic action, regional partnerships, and global collaboration for climate goals.

- COP28 expected to complete the Global Stocktake of the Paris Agreement.

- Sultan al-Jaber aims to focus COP28 on food system transformation, critical for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

- Food systems face challenges due to unsustainable practices, waste, and lack of inclusion in climate negotiations.

- Recommendations to change food systems include reducing meat consumption and waste, and promoting local production.

- Public-private partnerships and innovation in climate-smart agriculture are promoted.

- New technologies like RNA-based biopesticides being developed for sustainable farming.

- Calls for adoption of smarter agricultural practices to ensure food security in the face of climate change.- Fanny Tri Jambore from Walhi criticizes "downstreaming" for massive carbon production.

- Anies-Muhaimin pledge to balance economic development with environmental protection.

- They aim to bring "climate justice" to underdeveloped and vulnerable communities.

- No details on actionable policies provided by Anies-Muhaimin, say activists.

- Greenpeace's Leonard emphasizes Indonesia's need for a leader to fulfill climate promises.

- The G7 plus Denmark and Norway pledge US$20 billion to Indonesia for decarbonization under the Just Energy Transition Partnership.

- Leonard stresses the need for concrete environmental protection plans and renewable energy transition in Indonesia.

- In India, air pollution is not a primary voting issue, per Bhargav Krishna of Sustainable Futures Collaborative.

- Searches for air purifiers and face masks have spiked on the Daraz website.

- Lahore’s air pollution has increased respiratory illness patients by 100%, notes Dr. Khawar Abbas Chaudhry.

- Chaudhry wants more regional alignment and dialogue on tackling air pollution.

- Pratima Singh advocates for South Asian countries to emulate the EU pollution management model.

- National Clean Air Programme in India shows the need for airshed management.

- Singapore faces health challenges due to rising temperatures and heatwaves.

- Warmer nights and high heat stress days projected for Singapore's end of century.

- May 2022 saw temperatures match a 40-year high in Singapore.

- Singapore combats heat with greenery, cool paint, and building orientation strategies.

- SMU's Professor Winston Chow anticipates changes in outdoor behavior due to increased heat.

- Lendlease introduces Podium, a platform for sustainable decisions in the real estate lifecycle.

- Podium connects stakeholders for better construction productivity and sustainability.

- Decarbonization challenges in measuring emissions and the need for collective action outlined.

- Lendlease forms partnerships to support net zero through World Green Building Council and others.

- Sustainable funding via green bonds promoted by Lendlease in Singapore.

- Lendlease sets ambitious "absolute zero" emission goal by 2040.

- Its Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT), LREIT, achieved net-zero carbon ahead of 2025 target.

- UN IPCC warns of exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold by the next decade.

- Around 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts vulnerable to climate change.

- Corporations are crucial in driving down emissions and adopting natural climate solutions.

- MSIG Asia partners with Conservation International Asia-Pacific to protect biodiversity.

- The collaboration funds various conservation efforts in Asia and the Pacific regions.

- MSIG aims to involve more businesses in biodiversity conservation initiatives.- Individuals encouraged to bring own water containers with refill spots available.

- Leslie Y.S. Lee stresses Hong Kong must embody the "Hello Hong Kong" campaign ideals.

- Hong Kong's hectic pace often compromises road safety, with 265,283 speeding offences and 18,035 careless driving instances in 2022.

- Public transport drivers are significant offenders due to passenger safety responsibility.

- Pedestrians are vulnerable; drivers often neglect turn signals and pedestrian precedence, causing near-misses.

- Pedestrian responsibility also stressed; avoiding dangerous behaviors like crossing on red lights.

- Emphasizes the importance of teaching patience and safety, rather than just enforcing penalties.

- Penny Hui from Kwun Tong suggests spreading the patience message to both drivers and pedestrians.

- Singapore's climate model, downsized from IPCC reports, offers detailed local projections.

- The Centre for Climate Research Singapore's model extends sea-level projections to 2150, with updated projections for six tide gauges.

- Latest version depicts a higher mean sea-level rise; temperature projections are marginally different from the previous model.

- The study's findings summarized in reports for the public, researchers, and government agencies.

- Singapore to share data and collaborate internationally, with ASEAN member states engagement.

- Second Climate Impacts Science Research Programme grant call for food security, water resources, and flood management research.

- The first grant call awarded eight projects focusing on climate change impacts on diseases.

- UN Secretary-General Guterres states greenhouse gas emissions are growing instead of reducing by 45% by 2030.

- Guterres warns of possible catastrophic temperature rise, with the planet on track for a maximum 2.8°C increase.

- He urges ensuring the 1.5°C goal survives, stressing COP27 must bridge ambition, credibility, and solidarity gaps.

- Guterres calls COP27 a critical opportunity for strengthening climate action to avoid irreversible chaos.

- Rich countries are responsible for disproportionally high emissions, with poorer nations like Pakistan suffering severe climate impacts.

- COP27 targeted as a turning point to address "loss and damage" and climate change's financial aspects.

- Indonesia speeds up its net-zero emissions target to 2060, updating its NDC.

- Forestry and land use sector aimed to peak emissions by 2030; no post-2050 strategy provided.

- Critics say Indonesia's updated climate targets lack ambition and clarity on achieving goals.

- Indonesia remains committed to reducing emissions by 29% independently or 41% with international assistance by 2030 as pledged in 2016.

- Challenges to Indonesia's targets include economic priorities, coal dependence, and pandemic impacts.

- Researchers doubt Indonesia's capability to meet Paris Agreement targets and call for more ambitious goals.

- China does not contribute to loss and damage fund; identified as developing country under UNFCCC, not obliged like Annex 1 countries.

- China classified as upper-middle-income, has become a donor in recent years.

- Created South-South Climate Cooperation Fund and contributed to biodiversity fund, supporting developing countries in climate efforts.

- Despite not contributing to UN funds, expectations mount for China's increased climate financing due to its economic and emissions status.

- COP28 in Dubai established the first global agreement to move away from fossil fuels and set up a loss and damage fund.

- The UAE pledged $100 million to the fund, aimed at supporting those most affected by climate change.

- China, the top global emitter, argues its status as a developing country exempts it from contributing to this fund.

- China targets peak emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060; retains heavy coal dependence.

- Despite criticism, China provided $3.1 billion to assist developing nations through the South-South Climate Cooperation Fund.

- China's climate finance contributions are substantial, and it also pledged around $230 million for biodiversity conservation.

- Developed nations criticized for not fulfilling financial and emissions reduction promises; China emphasizes support for developing countries.- The United States, as the leading oil and gas producer and historic top greenhouse gas emitter, sees challenges in passing climate legislation due to congressional divisions.

- President Joe Biden passed the Inflation Reduction Act, which included significant clean energy subsidies.

- Global support for renewables and electric vehicles is growing, driven by technology advancements, decreasing costs, and increasing private investments.

- Fossil fuels still comprise around 80% of global energy-consumption despite the growth of renewable energy sources.

- Rachel Cleetus of the Union of Concerned Scientists calls for richer nations to provide more financial aid to developing countries for clean energy transitions.

- Radical changes in energy use are necessary to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, as per the Paris Agreement, but current trends predict a rise of at least 2.8 degrees.

- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasizes the need for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies to achieve net-zero emissions.

- Deploying carbon capture and storage (CCS) could be extremely costly, with a report suggesting it may be $30 trillion more expensive than investing in renewables, energy efficiency, and electrification.

- COP28 debates include the term "unabated" regarding fossil fuel burning, allowing for the use of CCS to meet net-zero goals while possibly continuing to pollute.

- Carbon capture technologies are criticized for potentially enabling the continuation of the fossil fuel industry rather than promoting a transition to clean energy.

- The concept of CCS is seen as a 'buzz topic' and 'Trojan horse' by some, to keep the fossil fuel industry alive.

- A Climate Analytics report suggests reliance on CCS could result in an additional 86 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases by 2050, based on a 50% capture rate scenario.

- Critics say CCS is failing to perform as expected and remains a niche technology.

- Congressional Republicans demand EPA records regarding the removal of dozens of experts from advisory boards, while EPA Administrator Michael Regan advocates for advisory balance and scientific integrity.

- Regan's overhaul is part of a broader effort to repair scientific integrity and respond to political interference in science during the Trump administration.

- Global companies implement varying internal carbon prices to prepare for potential future climate rules, from less than $1 to $1,600 per metric ton.

- The Biden Administration's social cost of carbon is around $200, suggesting a future regulatory price point.

- Internal carbon pricing is becoming a standard planning tool, with 20% of global companies using it and another 22% planning to implement it.

- Businesses use carbon pricing mechanisms to guide investments and reduce emissions, though opinions on what price will be effective vary widely.

- Volvo and Amgen, among others, incorporate carbon prices into business decisions, aiming towards carbon neutrality in operations.

- Discussions about carbon pricing reflect a readiness for emissions regulation and range widely based on economic outlooks and investment interests.

- In India, air pollution has not been a central voting issue, but climate impacts may influence future voting behavior.

- The shopping website Daraz notes increased interest in air purifiers and face masks in areas affected by air pollution, such as Punjab.- Hong Kong mandarins are urged to launch economic and social reforms without another 24-year delay, according to Khaw Wei Kang from Shenzhen.

- US-China relations highlighted by US General Mark Milley's call to People's Liberation Army General Li Zoucheng.

- Western media imagined to heavily cover a hypothetical reverse scenario call from General Li to General Milley.

- Roland Guettler from Lai Chi Kok comments on Western media's treatment of such subtle differences.

- Hong Kong will ban disposable plastic starting Earth Day, April 22, includes dine-in styrofoam, plastic tableware, umbrella bags, hotel bottled water, and toiletries, with a second phase in 2025 targeting takeaway containers, table covers, and dental floss with plastic handles.

- Hong Kong part of the 13,000km East Asian-Australasian Flyway, vital for 50 million migrating waterbirds.

- Wetland losses and biodiversity decline put 62% of waterbird populations at risk.

- Mai Po wetlands, with Ramsar status, aids more than 80,000 migratory birds, including the black-faced spoonbill, whose population rose from 300 to over 4,000.

- Climate change threatens Hong Kong with sea level rise, habitat loss, and stronger typhoons, while wetlands act as natural buffers.

- China faces pressure to lead climate talks following Donald Trump's climate skeptic presidency.

- China cautious about leading enforcement of Paris Agreement capping temperature rise below two degrees Celsius.

- UN Environment Assembly moves to forge legally binding treaty to end plastic pollution, with the first negotiations in Uruguay and China playing a key role.

- The UN High Seas Treaty, adopted in June, aims to protect biodiversity in international waters, with 83 signatories needing to ratify.

- Michael Lodge of the International Seabed Authority faces criticism for supporting deep-sea mining, while the UK and others call for a moratorium.

- Ocean governance highlights equity needs for communities affected by global warming and changing fish locations.

- Financial efforts include "blue bonds" and insurance deals, like the $500mn supported by the US for Gabon's marine conservation in exchange for sustainable fisheries and marine maintenance.

- Urgent responses to climate change are likened to the Titan submersible disaster, with experts concerned over inaction despite clear warnings.

- OPEC controls 80% of the world's reserves, while small islands and large oil producers like the US support phasing out fossil fuels.

- The new climate deal promotes transitioning away from fossil fuels, tripling renewable energy by 2030, reducing coal use, and advancing carbon capture technology.

- National policies and investments are now essential for countries to deliver on climate commitments, with developed countries having historical responsibilities.- Environment Bureau aims to end landfills by 2035 and will double the waste levy, with a waste-charging scheme in effect by the second half of next year.

- Singapore's plastic bag use is currently 820 million; it was around 3 billion in 2011.

- Singapore has environmental campaigns: 2007's Bring Your Own Bag Day, 2018's One Less Plastic, and Say YES to Waste Less.

- Denmark introduced a plastic bag tax in 1994, Bangladesh banned thin plastic bags in 2002, and Taiwan banned free plastic bags in large-scale retailers in 2002, slashing usage by 80%.

- Taiwan expanded the ban to more businesses in 2018.

- Malaysia's state governments agreed to a pollution charge on plastic bags in 2022; Penang imposed RM0.20 fee leading to a 78% consumption drop from 2020 to 2021.

- Singapore recycled only 6% of its plastic waste in 2022; most plastics are incinerated.

- Dow aims to recycle 1 million tonnes of plastic by 2030 and partnered with Shiny Meadow to repurpose plastic milk bottles, mixing them with asphalt for road paving.

- China plans to phase out single-use and non-biodegradable plastics over five years.

- Dow is creating fully recyclable packaging and aims for all packaging products to be reusable or recyclable by 2035.

- BASF invested in technology for breaking down waste into pyrolysis oil for new products and aims to double circular economy solution sales to 17 billion by 2030.

- Covestro partnered to collect and recycle 1 million polycarbonate water barrels annually.

- Global plastic waste recycling rate is only 20% according to BASF.

- Champagne producer Telmont won't use gift boxes, reducing carbon footprint by 8%.

- Champagne region intends to cut carbon emissions by 25% by 2025; only 4% practice organic winemaking.

- LVMH's Moet Hennessy opened a research center on sustainability, and Moet & Chandon aims to create ecological corridors by 2027.

- Ruinart introduced a zero-plastic, 100% recyclable packaging made from natural wood fibers.

- Containers Printers offers life-cycle assessment services to help companies improve sustainability.

- Global plastic production was 460mn tonnes in 2019, three-quarters became waste with 22mn tonnes leaking into the environment.

- The circular economy is promoted as a solution, aiming to reduce plastic production and increase reusability and recyclability.

- Achieving a truly circular plastics industry remains technically and economically challenging due to toxic chemicals and recycling costs.- Wendy Wu and Rachel Zhang contributed additional reporting to an article regarding the symbolic nature of the suspended China-EU deal.

- Biden intends to re-enter the Paris Agreement, revamp the WTO, and create a "forum of democracy" possibly increasing pressure on China.

- Democrats have a majority in the House but may only achieve a 50-50 Senate split post-Georgia elections.

- Gavekal suggests Biden may selectively limit technology transfers and will struggle to reverse existing policies.

- EU values align with Biden on human rights and democracy but economic interests with China cause ambivalence.

- China's assertive "Wolf Warrior" diplomacy continues despite global public opinion turning negative recently.

- RCEP signing shows values are not enough to sway countries; economic alternatives to China's influence are required.

- Expanding CPTPP and refining rules could help Biden, but domestic agenda takes precedence.

- Chinese observers note potential return of a more adversarial US administration; China prepares with "dual circulation" strategy.

- China aims to modernize its military by 2027 and become a "modern socialist nation" by 2035.

- Xi Jinping instructs the PLA to be ready for conflict, anticipating worse US-China relations post-Biden.

- European Commission concerned about China's export curbs on gallium and germanium; questioning security rationale and WTO compliance.

- EU views these metals as strategic for green and digital transitions, with goals of increasing EU output by 2030.

- Global plastic production was 460 million tonnes in 2019 with three-quarters becoming waste; 22 million tonnes leak into the environment annually.

- Circular economy aims for reduced plastic production, reusable, recyclable materials, and regenerating nature supported by global initiatives and a proposed UN treaty.

- Challenges exist in recycling due to toxic chemicals and technical issues.

- The plastics industry must adopt resource efficiency principles to become circular.

- UN report found over 3,200 chemicals in plastics production are hazardous.

- Companies’ claims on plastic recyclability are questioned by BEUC.

- An open-loop recycling system, including use in non-food sectors, could be an effective strategy.

- UN member states resolve to establish a legally binding plastic pollution treaty by 2024 with negotiations underway.

- High Ambition Coalition advocates for plastic production curbs while Global Coalition emphasizes recycling.

- UK to ban single-use plastics in England from October to reduce pollution and protect oceans.

- UK move part of global efforts, including a UN treaty to end plastic pollution with upcoming international meetings.

- China's position crucial in plastic treaty negotiations, indicating high importance to outcomes.

- Singapore to have a recycling facility by 2027, handling 240,000 tonnes annually, despite high costs limiting expansion.

- Pandemic has led to increased waste and challenges in domestic recycling rates.

- Singapore faces persistent problems with recyclable waste contamination, with 40% in blue bins non-recyclable.- UNFCCC: Adopted in 1992, nearly 200 countries joined to combat climate change.

- "COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES" (CBDR): Wealthy countries are expected to do more based on a "polluter-pays" principle since they historically emitted more; amended in 2015 to account for growing economies like China and Brazil.

- IPCC: The main scientific body of the UNFCCC, releasing consensus reports every 6-7 years; latest reports in 2021 and 2022.

- COP: Annual summit of UNFCCC signatories; 28th meeting, COP28, in Dubai.

- PARIS AGREEMENT: From COP21 in 2015, aimed to limit global warming to "well below" 2°C, aspiring for 1.5°C; emissions-cut pledges renewed every five years.

- Nationally Determined Contributions: Emissions reduction and climate adaptation pledges submitted by governments to the UNFCCC.

China's Energy and Climate Status:

- China's coal reliance diverges from the Paris goal of limiting global warming to less than 1.5°C.

- Coal consumption to increase in China until 2026, declines expected only after 2027 as renewable energy surges.

- Rystad Energy notes a shift towards wind and solar after 2027.

US Climate Policy and Public Opinion:

- Majority of US voters favor greater action on climate change; three-fourths support rejoining the Paris Agreement.

- Potential for US-China bilateral climate dialogue.

- Political gain possible for US leadership in international climate action.

- US-China climate competition could shape future global climate governance.

- Soft power battle between US market-led and China's technocratic decarbonization strategies.

US and the Paris Agreement:

- Trump's Paris Agreement withdrawal possibly affected his support among young voters.

- Biden's expected rejoining of the agreement requires US to make substantial progress.

- Obama's aim to cut emissions by 26% from 2005 levels by 2025 entails shifting to solar and wind power.

OPEC and Fossil Fuels:

- OPEC controls about 80% of world's proven oil reserves and 1/3 of daily production.

- Climate-vulnerable island nations advocate for ending fossil fuels, supported by major oil producers and other governments.

- Climate deal encourages transitioning from fossil fuels for net zero by 2050.

- Governments urged to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, reduce coal use, and enhance clean technologies.

- China emphasizes developed countries' lead in climate action.

- Biden's Inflation Reduction Act includes substantial clean energy subsidies.

- Despite renewables growth, fossil fuels make up about 80% of global energy.

- Climate deal criticized for insufficient finance and equity provisions for developing countries.

Hong Kong's Climate Policies:

- Carrie Lam's potential last policy address questioned for climate action commitment.

- Hong Kong part of C40 Cities, needs to demonstrate climate leadership.

- Hong Kong should invest in renewable energy with Greater Bay Area, accelerate transportation electrification.

- Call for Hong Kong to align with global green finance standards.

- Decarbonization as an overarching governmental goal is necessary for Hong Kong's low-carbon future.

- IPCC report underscores urgency of reducing emissions by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030.

- Concerns raised over the impact of a proposed railway on Mai Po wetlands' ecology.

- Hong Kong national security law may dampen open exchange of opinions.

Beijing Representative Initiates Housing Reform in Hong Kong:

- Luo Huining's recent visits signal urgent housing reform for disadvantaged residents in Hong Kong.- HDPE, made from petroleum, is commonly used for plastic or shampoo bottles.

- Polypropylene, a common post-consumer plastic, is used in packaging or machine parts.

- A mix of HDPE and polypropylene can contaminate recycling streams, deterring recycling companies due to mixed waste.

- Singapore's recovery facilities may lack technology for processing recyclables to required purity levels.

- Mdm Jane Tan of Ang Mo Kio notes recycling contamination due to resident unawareness.

- She observes improper disposal despite clear labels on recycling bins.

- Ms. Fong from Mountbatten sees overflowing recycling bins, suggests separate bins for different materials; acknowledges extra effort required.

- UK to ban single-use plastic cutlery and plates in England from October to tackle plastic pollution.

- New rules will also prohibit the sale of certain polystyrene cups and food containers.

- Scotland and Wales have similar bans.

- England uses 2.7 billion single-use cutlery and 721 million plates per year, only 10% recycled.

- Hong Kong daily waste dropped from 1.53kg/person in 2018 to 1.44kg/person in 2020.

- Local plastic recycling in Hong Kong increased 27% from 2019, with a recycling rate of 11%.

- Nan Fung Group's Fabrica X focuses on ocean plastic pollution and features a mini-exhibition and products made from recycled plastics.

- Partnership with The Ocean Material for Fabrica X's store to enable public plastic recycling.

- Fabrica X encourages using type 2 or 5 plastics for upcycling into items, offering free workshops from July to October.

- Resolar, OCIN, W;ink Atelier, and Rising Lotus highlight sustainable fashion using recycled materials.

- Integrated petroleum refinery and petrochemical production facility capable of processing 800,000 barrels of crude oil a day.

- Industry trends show a move toward plastics and chemicals, with 70-80% of new Asia-Pacific refining capacity focusing on plastics.

- The Zhejiang project reflects industry changes with Saudi Aramco's strategic partnerships in Asia.

- BASF's $10 billion investment in China signifies the petrochemical growth.

- Few chemical firms have set emission reduction targets aligned with the Paris agreement.

- Global pressure grows for plastic regulation, focusing mostly on specific object disposal rather than plastic value chains.

- Protest movements worldwide confront petrochemical industry expansions due to environmental and health concerns.

- UN's global plastic pollution treaty likened to the 2015 Paris climate accord.

- Plastic life cycle expected to be addressed in the treaty from production to disposal.

- Hong Kong plans waste reduction strategies, including waste charging in 2023 and phasing out disposable plastic tableware from 2025.- Dr. Khawar Abbas Chaudhry, a pulmonologist in Lahore, observes the city's decline and links a 100% increase in respiratory illness patients this winter to air pollution.

- Chaudhry's hospital is part of the Bill Gates-backed Evercare Group, with facilities in South Asia and East Africa where discussions on air pollution occur.

- He emphasizes the need for regular meetings and involvement of "countries, governments, and departments" to address regional air pollution.

- Pratima Singh, a senior research scientist, suggests South Asian countries adopt a collaborative approach similar to the European Union to address pollution.

- EU's European Climate Law aims for net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, promoting climate neutrality through balancing emissions with carbon sinks like forests.

- Barack Obama, worried about Trump's election, persuaded Angela Merkel to continue her leadership to maintain the liberal world order and her role in addressing global challenges including climate change and Russian aggression.

- Merkel's legacy includes international engagement, pragmatism, evidence-based policymaking, and defending the rule-based international order.

- Merkel's economic intervention during the 2008 financial crisis, her approach to the refugee crisis, and support for the Paris climate accord highlighted her consensus-driven political career.

- Germany's geopolitical influence and Merkel's role as the go-to person for European matters indicates the predominance of institutions and established rules over individual leaders.

- The report criticizes fossil fuel companies for hindering climate change action and notes global emission inequalities, calling for investment in renewable energy and public finance for low-carbon transitions.

- COP26 is critical for addressing global inequalities in climate policy, but most actions and policies that affect emissions are managed at the national governmental level.

- Researchers developed a method to quantify the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and polar bear survival, suggesting a framework for linking emissions to wildlife impact.

- A proposed summit of Amazon countries aims to create a scientific body like the IPCC to promote sustainable policies and monitor climate impacts on the Amazon rainforest.- Farming industries in Africa with cooperatives of at least 100 farmers can order fish feed in bulk (up to 200,000 tonnes) for significant cost savings.

- Small farms ensure diversity in aquaculture by catering to varying consumer preferences, complementing large-scale producers.

- Small and diverse fish farms can maintain a healthy seafood ecosystem.

- Singapore aims to become an urban agri-food tech hub despite limited resources.

- Small existing fish farms contribute vital local knowledge to Singapore's growing aquaculture sector.

- Climate change poses risks such as migration, political unrest, and rising sea levels to large global infrastructure projects like China's BRI.

- Malaysia seeks finance from developed nations for climate action under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities" (CBDR).

- Developed countries pledged to mobilize US$100 billion annually for climate finance to assist developing nations, a key focus at COP26.

- Malaysia faces challenges such as increasing temperatures, flooding, and water shortages with plans for mitigation and conservation in their 12MP.

- The hottest week on record globally signals potential for extreme weather events, according to the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).

- China's National Climate Centre reports the most hot days since 1961, with risks of regional floods and increased power demand.

- High temperatures affect electricity supplies, reducing wind power generation and potential for generator failures, with an expected 1.37 billion kilowatt load in China for 2023.

- Germany's Rhine river water levels at a 30-year low impact trade and shipping, while the low water surcharge issued by Maersk reflects transport costs.

- Agriculture is affected by extreme weather, with China experiencing 4.7 million hectares of agricultural land impacted, Germany expecting a grain production decrease, and the EU facing significant economic losses.

- US soybean planting reduced due to drought, raising the price of soybeans.

- Calls for smarter practices to ensure food security under climate change include sustainable agriculture, drought-resistant crops, efficient irrigation, and technology transfer.

- Hong Kong tourism sector criticized for poor treatment of visitors, needing a clearer definition of a "world city" to improve value and experience for tourists.- The ACTO countries plan to establish a collective policy to protect the Amazon rainforest.

- Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva aims to assess "point of no return" limits for rainforest damage.

- The ACTO summit occurred on August 8-9 in Belem, after a 14-year delay, criticized by Marina Silva.

- Lula, succeeding Jair Bolsonaro, has reformed environmental policies in Brazil.

- Brazil saw its lowest deforestation levels in July since 2017, increasing Lula's environmental credibility.

- In the South China Sea, US and Chinese warships showcase strategic tensions, with China militarizing islands.

- China's territorial claims in the South China Sea conflict with six other nations' claims.

- China disregards the PCA's 2016 ruling on the Philippines' rights to the Spratly Islands.

- China's South China Sea activities damage marine ecosystems and regional economy.

- The 600 million people of Southeast Asia rely on this marine ecosystem, notably for fishing.

- 15 to 56% of all animal protein consumed in Southeast Asia comes from the sea, and the South China Sea provides 12% of the global fish catch.

- Since 2000, catch rates have dropped by 70%, and large fish stocks by 90%.

- Contradictorily, China imposes fishing bans while Chinese fishing continues in restricted zones.

- Island-building in the South China Sea has destroyed close to half of the world's coral reefs, aggravating climate change effects.

- Borton advocates for scientific cooperation to resolve marine ecosystem stress in the South China Sea.

- China's lack of ecological impact data during the COVID crisis reflects poor ecological management in the South China Sea.

- Nations debate a treaty to address plastic pollution, focusing on production limits or waste management.

- National delegates in Nairobi, Kenya discuss the "zero draft" to form a legally binding treaty by 2024.

- Annually, 400 million tonnes of plastic waste is produced globally, with under 10% recycled.

- EU, Japan, Canada, and Kenya support strong treaty measures against plastic production.

- The oil and petrochemical industry, with Saudi Arabia, focuses on plastic recycling and "circularity."

- The US has revised its approach to reflect global goals on plastic pollution reduction in national plans.

- A conflict over consensus versus majority vote in treaty adoption surfaced during June talks.

- Environmental groups urge a focus on the substance of the treaty rather than procedural stalemates.

- Hong Kong plans a ban on single-use plastics starting in the second quarter of 2024.

- The ban's phase one includes various plastic items with non-plastic alternatives.

- Phase two, potentially starting in 2025, will expand the ban to plastic food containers and more.

- An online platform provides guidance for the catering industry on transitioning from plastics.

- Environmental officials plan initial warnings, followed by enforcement actions.

- Lawmakers discuss the economic impact and urge assessment before initiating phase two.

- Restaurants are cautioned against stockpiling plastics and encouraged to prepare for additional costs.

- Environmentalists push for earlier enactment and avoidance of delays in phase two.

- Solid waste charging introduces government-designated plastic bags with a pricing scheme.

- A plastic bag levy increase aims to enhance anti-pollution efforts, with a history of public resistance.

- The plastic bag levy, introduced 13 years ago, has faced controversy and may be reviewed for effectiveness.- Climate finance must be negotiated with consideration for the historical context and the Paris Agreement's principle of common but differentiated responsibility.

- Discussions are ongoing regarding the modality and terms of climate funding arrangements, with intent to play a formal role.

- Singapore has contributed to climate action through technical support and aiding developing countries.

- The nation aids through the Southeast Asia Disaster Risk Insurance Facility for financial resilience against climate shocks.

- A new fund aims to support communities and people most affected by climate change; details to be developed over the next year.

- Despite slow negotiations, optimism is upheld because of momentum outside the process such as countries pooling resources and launching projects.

- The urgent need to reduce emissions to avoid surpassing the 1.5 degrees Celsius temperature rise is stressed, and Singapore is focused on decarbonizing energy and power sectors and investing in R&D for green energy and hydrogen transportation.

- HSBC partners with Google to finance climate technology firms as part of Google Cloud Ready-Sustainability programme.

- HSBC will provide financing to firms validated by Google for technology quality, efficacy, and customer traction.

- The aim is to accelerate the delivery of sustainability goals and provide access to innovative solutions.

- HSBC finds comfort in Google's due diligence, complementing the bank's assessment for potential 'venture debt deals.'

- Finance to the climate tech sector declined in 2023, with risk cited as a major concern.

- HSBC purchased the UK unit of failed tech lender Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) with governmental intervention to prevent startup market contagion.

- HSBC aims to fund $1 billion in climate tech companies by 2030, with progress towards transitioning 1.3 million clients to net zero by 2050.

- HSBC and Google partnership to help customers reduce carbon emissions with cloud-based tech solutions addressing sustainability risks.

- HSBC facilitates connections between customers and climate tech firms to support transitioning to net zero.

- First venture debt deal of HSBC-Google partnership with LevelTen Energy, terms undisclosed.

- The collaboration focuses on the role of technology and finance as enablers of climate action, addressing the sustainability challenge as a Data Challenge.- Saudi delegation did not immediately respond to a request for comment on treaty talks.

- Environmental groups hope the talks focus on the treaty's substance over procedural issues.

- Christina Dixon called for a radical rethink of the global plastics economy.

- The talks aim to draft a text towards a legal agreement by 2024 following last year's commitment.

- Dimitris Faloutsos notes that the problem's scale warrants a treaty.

- Disagreements persist on reducing plastic production and the responsibility for plastic waste.

- U.S., Russia, and Saudi Arabia oppose production cuts, favoring waste management solutions.

- Thailand shows industry sway in delegation composition, emphasizing waste management over reduction.

- ESG declarations controversy: necessity and standardization versus hindering investment.

- U.S. political divide on ESG with Republicans deeming it "woke" and others favoring transparency.

- Business transitions to renewables, challenges, and inclusivity discussed in panels to mitigate climate change.

- Understanding "net-zero" and reliance on carbon offsets versus business practice shifts critiqued.

- The war in Ukraine's impact on energy transition and European reliance on Russian energy underscored.

- IPCC warns of surpassing 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold target without urgent action this decade.

- Approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people are highly vulnerable to climate change.

- Without emission curbs, the private sector poised to raise temperatures by over 3 degrees Celsius by 2050.

- A Harvard study links sustainability measures to financial performance; WEF notes consumer support.

- Biodiversity's essential role and natural climate solutions underfunded, less than 3% of mitigation financing.

- MSIG Asia and Conservation International Asia-Pacific partner for biodiversity conservation.

- The partnership supports projects in Asia-Pacific and aims to conserve 9,500 ha of forest and 72,500 ha of ocean.

- BBNJ treaty adoption hailed as "collective game changer" for ocean governance by Singapore Minister.

- Singapore to ratify and sign the BBNJ, bolstering UNCLOS and global ocean governance.

- BBNJ treaty advocates sustainable use of marine biological diversity.

- Singapore emphasizes multilateral cooperation under the UN for ocean rules-based order.

- Singapore's history and economy's reliance on the ocean highlight the BBNJ agreement's significance.

- UN "loss and damage" fund to help developing countries with extreme weather, with Singapore's involvement under discussion.- A UN Environment Programme report from May 2023 identified over 13,000 chemicals associated with plastics, with more than 3,200 flagged as hazardous.

- Bethanie Carney Almroth, a professor at the University of Gothenburg, found "hundreds of toxic chemicals, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals" in recycled plastic from 13 countries.

- Environmental lawyer Vito Buonsante argues for reducing plastic production and toxicity, stating no plastics are known to be entirely safe for circular use.

- Jodie Roussell of Nestlé promotes better collection and separation to improve plastic recycling, specifically highlighting PET recycling and keeping non-food-grade materials out of food packaging.

- Current global norm is mechanical recycling, but it's limited as the process degrades plastic, necessitating virgin material after several cycles.

- UN's member states aim to create a legally binding treaty by 2024 to alleviate plastic pollution, with negotiations ongoing and differing views on production limits between nations like Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, China, and the High Ambition Coalition (EU, Canada, Japan, Australia).

- Unilever, part of the Business Coalition for a Global Plastics Treaty, seeks to reduce plastic use and shift towards reusable solutions for an 80% reduction in plastic pollution by 2040.

- Nestlé is testing "20 pilots in 12 countries" for reuse and refill models, suggesting standardization and simplicity could be part of a global treaty.

- The Ellen MacArthur Foundation emphasizes the need for systemic change, not just recycling or reduction, to overcome the plastic crisis.

- The UN report suggests slashing plastic pollution by 80% by 2040, largely by halving single-use plastic production.

- China's stance on the plastic treaty negotiations will be pivotal as one of the world's largest plastic producers and consumers.

- Media portrayal of plastic pollution, like the depiction in Blue Planet II, affects public perception and solution preferences but doesn't guarantee sustained behavioral change.

- The upcoming treaty negotiations are at a crucial stage, with national delegates weighing various options to reduce plastic production versus waste management.

- The world produces about 400 million tonnes of plastic waste annually, with under 10% recycled, and single-use plastic is 98% derived from fossil fuels.

- The EU, Japan, Canada, and Kenya support a strong treaty with binding reductions, while the plastic and oil industries advocate for continued use and focus on circularity.

- The US has shifted towards a treaty based on national plans with globally agreed goals, and the International Council of Chemical Associations seeks to include circular economy measures.

- Procedural objections, such as Saudi Arabia’s push for majority decision-making over consensus, have previously hindered the negotiations.

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